Dry skin is characterised by dull, rough, scaly, red, and often itchy skin. The principal mechanism responsible for the development of dry skin is trans-epidermal water loss (TEWL); a normal process whereby water moves from the underlying dermis, through the epidermis and stratum corneum to evaporate on the skin surface. The rate of TEWL can be affected by internal and external factors including:

• Decreases in natural moisturising factor
• Abnormal enzyme function
• Temperature and humidity changes
• UV radiation and pollution exposure
• Severe skincare routines
• Aging, genetics and hormones
• Diet and water intake

Optimal barrier function is the cornerstone of achieving and maintaining skin hydration. We’ve compiled this information below from publicly available peer reviewed literature to explore new botanical sources and their phyto-compound profiles. *This information is not based on clinical trials of Cellular Extracts. IMAGE: EWL in skin with barrier function integrity and barrier function damage as seen in dry skin. Source: www.skinetrate.com/transepidermal-water-loss.html

Humectants
Humectants are molecules that bind water (internal and from the atmosphere) in the stratum corneum. NMF are humectants. Compounds are predominately water soluble.
Ex: Hyaluronic acid, Glycerine, Honey, Aloe vera

Occlusives
Occlusives will create a barrier on top of the skin to reduce TEWL. Occlusives are used to enhance topical drug delivery. In daily skin care, occlusives sometimes can enhance hydration by decreasing TEWL.
Ex: Argan Oil; Beeswax; Lanolin; Safflower Oil

Emollients
Emollient compounds soften and smooth the skin by replacing lipids and enhancing barrier function.
Ex: Fatty acids, Ceramides, Squalene